Thracians- Thrace was located in the Aegean Sea, northeast of Greece. they wrote on odd materials such as mushrooms. Their writing has been indecipherable even though it was written in Greek letters. They practiced rites of fire.
Horseback hero/god- his figure dominated Thracian art, in many examples he is performing heroic/ dangerous tasks: wrestling three-headed monsters, leading a bear, and in the midst of a battle surrounded by severed heads. These figures were saved because Christians would recycle them and use them in their building materials for churches
Sitalkes- (429 BCE) Thracian King who invaded Macedonia with an army of 150,000. There he built a palace-city 21.5 acres in size. Made from mostly mud-brick and stucco. He marked a new era in which Thracian states struggled with their stronger neighbors.
Illyrians and Garamantes- Located on opposite sides of the central Mediterranean.
Illyrians- (500 BCE) Buried their rulers and elites with hoards of gold and silver and sacrifices of oxen and wild boar. An urn found in modern-day Slovenia is illustrated with images of life in an Illyrian court. Parading warriors, deer hunters, dignitaries being fed by long-haired women.
Garamantes- modern-day North African region of Lybia called Fezzan. They dug irrigation tunnels under the Sahara desert, their 14 cities were surrounded by desert. They grew wheat and barley. Called by the Greeks, a slave-trading elite, driving four-horse chariots. their faces depicted by the Romans as ritually tattooed and scarred with ostrich-plume helmets.
Etruscans- Etruria was located on the northern shore of the Mediterranean stretching across central Italy. Their soil had to be plowed nine times to be workable, which caused for a need of iron mining and the most cutting-edge smelting technology. They drained malarial marshes. The Etruscans were looked down upon by the Greek and Romans because they believed that the Etruscans took too much time on their appearance and wantonly displaying their bodies.
Ceare- Etruscan city, covered 150 acres and accommodated 20,000 inhabitants. Their tombs resembled the layout of their houses, as if to prepare the deceased for the afterlife. Warriors buried with chariots and weapons, and the wealthy with jewels and precious metals.
Gender roles and women’s rights- Women were allowed to go out to games, and dine with men, in Greek and Roman societies the only women who did that were prostitutes. Elite women were also thought to be literate due to writing on combs and mirrors.
